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Initial value
Converted value
newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force kilopound (metric) -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force walls grav-force milligravity-force atomic unit of force
Electric field strength
More about strength
General information
In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be both the movement of the whole body and its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, a stone is lifted and then released, it will fall, because it is attracted to the ground by gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state, it moved into motion with acceleration. Falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.
Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act simultaneously on a body, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll on the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the rock is in balance and is not moving.
In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vectorial sum of forces that changes the speed of a one kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.
Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the influence of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of the forces acting on a body is zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proved that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.
Basic forces in nature
It is forces that move bodies, or make them stay in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic interaction, strong and weak interaction. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions act on bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic effects also act at large distances.
Strong interaction
The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between the quarks that form neutrons, protons, and the particles that consist of them, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks due to this motion. Without the strong force, matter would not exist.
Electromagnetic interaction
The electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that are attracted to each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.
Chemical reactions, light, electricity, the interaction between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to the electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent the penetration of one solid body into another, since the electrons of one body repel the electrons of the other body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences are two different forces, but later scientists discovered that this is a kind of one and the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction is easy to see with a simple experiment: pulling off a wool sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair against a woolen cloth. Most bodies are neutrally charged, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on the surface, the total surface charge also changes. Hair "standing on end" when a person removes a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, the electrons are redistributed, which leads to the appearance of a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with not only opposite but also neutral charges.
Weak interaction
The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the motion of gluons causes a strong interaction between quarks, so the motion of W- and Z-bosons causes a weak interaction. Bosons are emitted or absorbed elementary particles. W-bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z-bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Due to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using the method of radiocarbon analysis. The age of archaeological finds can be determined by measuring the content of radioactive carbon isotope in relation to stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of this find. To do this, a previously cleaned small fragment of a thing is burned, the age of which needs to be determined, and, thus, carbon is mined, which is then analyzed.
Gravitational interaction
The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the tides to ebb and flow, and because of it, thrown bodies fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the mass of the body, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of motion can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of the movement of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement occurs under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.
According to the theory of relativity, the force of attraction changes the space-time continuum - the four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.
The force of attraction causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall at an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.
Ebb and flow
An example of the action of the force of attraction is the ebbs and flows. They arise due to the interaction of the forces of attraction of the Moon, the Sun and the Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when a force is applied to it. Therefore, the forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and the Sun relative to the Earth. This is the ebb and flow, and the forces that arise in this case are tide-forming forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, the tides depend more on the Moon than on the Sun. When the tide-forming forces of the Sun and the Moon are equally directed, the greatest tide occurs, called the syzygy tide. The smallest tide, when tide-forming forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.
The frequency of tides depends on the geographic location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun pull not only water, but the Earth itself, so in some places tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in one direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, high tide occurs twice a day. In other places it happens once a day. The tides are dependent on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the position of the Moon and Sun, and the interaction of their attractive forces. In some places, high and low tides occur every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in barometric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Having set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. Such clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.
The power of moving water during high and low tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir, which is filled with water at high tide and discharged at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with the use of this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this - tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.
Other powers
According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of four fundamental interactions.
Force of normal support reaction
The force of the normal reaction of the support is the force of counteraction of the body to the load from the outside. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If the body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal reaction of the support of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope with respect to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides on the surface of the second.
Friction force
The force of friction acts parallel to the surface of the body, and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another, when their surfaces are in contact (sliding or rolling friction). Friction also occurs between two bodies at rest if one lies on an inclined surface of the other. In this case, this is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force does not allow the wheels to slide on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are put on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are put on the tires to increase friction even more. Therefore, without the force of friction, transport is impossible. The friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures the normal driving of the car. The rolling friction force is smaller than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used during braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, because it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of a liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. That is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.
Forces can deform solids, as well as change the volume of liquids and gases and the pressure in them. This occurs when the action of a force is distributed unevenly over a body or substance. If a large enough force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge force of attraction, which attracts to itself all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and doesn't bounce off it, which is why black holes are indeed black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.
Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.
How is force measured, and what if the units of force are in different systems? You will need an online power transfer, the program is located below.
Force is a vector physical quantity, which is a measure of the intensity of the impact on a given body of other bodies, as well as fields.
How is strength measured?
Force is measured in newtons. Here is the definition of this unit: 1 newton is equal to such a force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m / s2v to a body whose mass is one kilogram. This acceleration is given in the direction of the force. This unit of force is named after the English physicist Isaac Newton.
Another unit of measure for strength is the dyne. It is currently the least used unit. The relationship between a dyne and a newton is: 1 dyne is equal to 0.00001 newtons.
How else is strength measured? In kilogram-force. Relationship with newtons: 1 kgf is equal to 9.807 newtons. In European countries, kilogram-forces are called kiloponds and are denoted by the letter kp.
A kip has denoted strength in the United States of America since the twentieth century. Used by architects and engineers. 1 kip is equal to 4448.2 newtons.
Length and Distance Converter Mass Converter Bulk Food and Food Volume Converter Area Converter Volume and Recipe Units Converter Temperature Converter Pressure, Stress, Young's Modulus Converter Energy and Work Converter Power Converter Force Converter Time Converter Linear Velocity Converter Flat Angle Converter thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency Converter of numbers in different number systems Converter of units of measurement of quantity of information Currency rates Dimensions of women's clothing and shoes Dimensions of men's clothing and shoes Angular velocity and rotation frequency converter Acceleration converter Angular acceleration converter Density converter Specific volume converter Moment of inertia converter Moment of force converter Torque converter Specific calorific value converter (by mass) Energy density and fuel specific calorific value converter (by volume) Temperature difference converter Coefficient converter Thermal Expansion Coefficient Thermal Resistance Converter Thermal Conductivity Converter Specific Heat Capacity Converter Energy Exposure and Radiant Power Converter Heat Flux Density Converter Heat Transfer Coefficient Converter Volume Flow Converter Mass Flow Converter Molar Flow Converter Mass Flux Density Converter Molar Concentration Converter Kinematic Viscosity Converter Surface Tension Converter Vapor Permeability Converter Water Vapor Flux Density Converter Sound Level Converter Microphone Sensitivity Converter Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Converter Sound Pressure Level Converter with Selectable Reference Pressure Brightness Converter Light Intensity Converter Illuminance Converter Computer Graphics Resolution Converter Frequency and wavelength converter Power in diopters and focal length Distance Diopter Power and Lens Magnification (×) Electric Charge Converter Linear Charge Density Converter Surface Charge Density Converter Volumetric Charge Density Converter Electric Current Converter Linear Current Density Converter Surface Current Density Converter Electric Field Strength Converter Electrostatic Potential and Voltage Converter Electrical Resistance Converter Converter Electrical Resistivity Electrical Conductivity Converter Electrical Conductivity Converter Capacitance Inductance Converter US Wire Gauge Converter Levels in dBm (dBm or dBm), dBV (dBV), watts, etc. units Magnetomotive force converter Magnetic field strength converter Magnetic flux converter Magnetic induction converter Radiation. Ionizing Radiation Absorbed Dose Rate Converter Radioactivity. Radioactive Decay Converter Radiation. Exposure Dose Converter Radiation. Absorbed Dose Converter Decimal Prefix Converter Data Transfer Typographic and Image Processing Unit Converter Timber Volume Unit Converter Calculation of Molar Mass Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D. I. Mendeleev
Initial value
Converted value
newton exanewton petanewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton decinewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force kilopound (metric) -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force walls grav-force milligravity-force atomic unit of force
Mass concentration in solution
More about strength
General information
In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be both the movement of the whole body and its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, a stone is lifted and then released, it will fall, because it is attracted to the ground by gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state, it moved into motion with acceleration. Falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.
Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act simultaneously on a body, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll on the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the rock is in balance and is not moving.
In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vectorial sum of forces that changes the speed of a one kilogram body by one meter per second in one second.
Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the influence of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of the forces acting on a body is zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proved that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.
Basic forces in nature
It is forces that move bodies, or make them stay in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic interaction, strong and weak interaction. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions act on bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic effects also act at large distances.
Strong interaction
The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between the quarks that form neutrons, protons, and the particles that consist of them, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks due to this motion. Without the strong force, matter would not exist.
Electromagnetic interaction
The electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that are attracted to each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.
Chemical reactions, light, electricity, the interaction between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to the electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent the penetration of one solid body into another, since the electrons of one body repel the electrons of the other body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences are two different forces, but later scientists discovered that this is a kind of one and the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction is easy to see with a simple experiment: pulling off a wool sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair against a woolen cloth. Most bodies are neutrally charged, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on the surface, the total surface charge also changes. Hair "standing on end" when a person removes a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, the electrons are redistributed, which leads to the appearance of a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with not only opposite but also neutral charges.
Weak interaction
The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the motion of gluons causes a strong interaction between quarks, so the motion of W- and Z-bosons causes a weak interaction. Bosons are emitted or absorbed elementary particles. W-bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z-bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Due to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using the method of radiocarbon analysis. The age of archaeological finds can be determined by measuring the content of radioactive carbon isotope in relation to stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of this find. To do this, a previously cleaned small fragment of a thing is burned, the age of which needs to be determined, and, thus, carbon is mined, which is then analyzed.
Gravitational interaction
The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the tides to ebb and flow, and because of it, thrown bodies fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the mass of the body, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of motion can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of the movement of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement occurs under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.
According to the theory of relativity, the force of attraction changes the space-time continuum - the four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.
The force of attraction causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall at an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.
Ebb and flow
An example of the action of the force of attraction is the ebbs and flows. They arise due to the interaction of the forces of attraction of the Moon, the Sun and the Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when a force is applied to it. Therefore, the forces of attraction of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and the Sun relative to the Earth. This is the ebb and flow, and the forces that arise in this case are tide-forming forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, the tides depend more on the Moon than on the Sun. When the tide-forming forces of the Sun and the Moon are equally directed, the greatest tide occurs, called the syzygy tide. The smallest tide, when tide-forming forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.
The frequency of tides depends on the geographic location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun pull not only water, but the Earth itself, so in some places tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in one direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, high tide occurs twice a day. In other places it happens once a day. The tides are dependent on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the position of the Moon and Sun, and the interaction of their attractive forces. In some places, high and low tides occur every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in barometric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Having set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. Such clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.
The power of moving water during high and low tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir, which is filled with water at high tide and discharged at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with the use of this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this - tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.
Other powers
According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of four fundamental interactions.
Force of normal support reaction
The force of the normal reaction of the support is the force of counteraction of the body to the load from the outside. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If the body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal reaction of the support of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope with respect to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides on the surface of the second.
Friction force
The force of friction acts parallel to the surface of the body, and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another, when their surfaces are in contact (sliding or rolling friction). Friction also occurs between two bodies at rest if one lies on an inclined surface of the other. In this case, this is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force does not allow the wheels to slide on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are put on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are put on the tires to increase friction even more. Therefore, without the force of friction, transport is impossible. The friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures the normal driving of the car. The rolling friction force is smaller than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used during braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, because it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of a liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. That is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.
Forces can deform solids, as well as change the volume of liquids and gases and the pressure in them. This occurs when the action of a force is distributed unevenly over a body or substance. If a large enough force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge force of attraction, which attracts to itself all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and doesn't bounce off it, which is why black holes are indeed black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.
Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question to TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.
